Browsing by Author "Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos"
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Item Açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Martius) : composição química e bioatividades.(2011) Souza, Melina Oliveira de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Silva, Marcelo Eustáquio; Pedrosa, Maria LúciaO açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Martius) é um fruto tipicamente brasileiro e economicamente importante. Relatos populares indicam o uso medicinal do seu suco e trabalhos que descrevem sua composição química, demonstram a presença de compostos fenólicos, fibras, ácidos graxos insaturados e fitosteróis, sugerindo seu potencial como alimento funcional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre o açaí, enfatizando os seus componentes químicos e suas bioatividades in vitro e in vivo. O enfoque no açaí fundamenta-se no amplo consumo deste fruto tanto no mercado interno quanto fora do país e também nas investigações que avaliam suas propriedades funcionais. Os resultados dessas investigações mostram que este fruto exibe alta capacidade antioxidante, propriedades anti-inflamatórias e efeito hipocolesterolêmico. Diante dessas propriedades e as alegações de saúde designadas ao açaí, o estudo e o consumo deste fruto devem ser estimulados.Item Agaricus brasiliensis (sun mushroom) affects the expression of genes related to cholesterol homeostasis.(2016) Miranda, Aline Mayrink de; Rossoni Júnior, Joamyr Victor; Silva, Lorena Souza e; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Silva, Marcelo Eustáquio; Pedrosa, Maria LúciaPurpose The sun mushroom (Agaricus brasiliensis) is considered a major source of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Mushrooms typically act as lipidlowering agents; however, little is known about the mechanisms of action of A. brasiliensis in biological systems. This study aimed to determine the underlying mechanism involved in the cholesterol-lowering effect of A. brasiliensis through the assessment of fecal and serum lipid profiles in addition to gene expression analysis of specific transcription factors, enzymes, and transporters involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Methods Twenty-four albino Fischer rats approximately 90 days old, with an average weight of 205 g, were divided into four groups of 6 each and fed a standard AIN-93 M diet (C), hypercholesterolemic diet (H), hypercholesterolemic diet +1 % A. brasiliensis (HAb), or hypercholesterolemic diet +0.008 % simvastatin (HS) for 6 weeks. Simvastatin was used as a positive control, as it is a typical drug prescribed for lipid disorders. Subsequently, blood, liver, and feces samples were collected for lipid profile and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction gene expression analyses. Results Diet supplementation with A. brasiliensis significantly improved serum lipid profiles, comparable to the effect observed for simvastatin. In addition, A. brasiliensis dietary supplementation markedly promoted fecal cholesterol excretion. Increased expression of 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), ATP-binding cassette subfamily G-transporters (ABCG5/G8), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was observed following A. brasiliensis administration. Conclusions Our results suggest that consumption of A. brasiliensis improves the serum lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats by modulating the expression of key genes involved in hepatic cholesterol metabolism.Item Avaliação protéica de uma nova multimistura com base no milho QPM BR 473.(2004) Glória, Enara Cristina Silva; Almeida, Nízia Araújo Vieira; Costa, Alexandre Sylvio Vieira da; Henriques Júnior, Edinete; Martins, Sandra Lagatta; Paula, Heberth de; Silva, Marcelo Eustáquio; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Malaquias, Luiz Cosme CottaA multimistura tem sido utilizada no Brasil pela Pastoral da Criança, em parceria com governos municipais, a fim de reduzir a desnutrição infantil. Não obstante, a eficácia deste suplemento tem sido constantemente arguida, devido à possível presença de fatores antinutricionais. No presente trabalho descrevemos a avaliação biológica de um suplemento contendo milho QPM BR473. Trinta e seis ratos Wistar machos, com 21-23 dias de idade, foram divididos em seis grupos de seis animais cada e alimentados com dietas de caseína contendo multimistura pura, com QPM BR473, láctea (contendo leite em pó), láctea contendo QPM BR473 ou a multimistura proposta (contendo QPM BR473, farinhas de aveia, soja e banana e açúcar mascavo). Mediu-se a Retenção Protéica Líquida. A condição microbiológica dos suplementos e seu custo foram também determinados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o QPM BR473 pode ser usado em suplementos nutricionais, com alto valor nutritivo, expresso por sua qualidade protéica, e com baixa relação custo/benefício.Item Biological evaluation of a nutritional supplement prepared with QPM Maize cultivar BR 473 and other traditional food items.(2004) Paula, Heberth de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Silva, Marcelo Eustáquio; Glória, Enara Cristina Silva; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Almeida, Nízia Araújo Vieira; Costa, Alexandre Sylvio Vieira da; Malaquias, Luiz Cosme CottaQuality Protein Maize (QPM) cultivar BR 473 was employed, together with soybean flour, brown sugar, banana meal and oat meal, for the preparation of a nutritional supplement.. 21-day old male Fisher rats were fed diets containing the supplement as a protein source, both with and without soybean flour; casein diets with 10 or 7% protein served as respective controls. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilization (NPU), Net Protein Retention (NPR) and Digestibility were determined. Blood biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, urea, hemoglobin, albumin and total protein) were also measured in the animals and showed that all were in good health condition at the end of the experiment. The obtained results for PER, NPU and NPR indicated that the supplement prepared with QPM maize cultivar BR 473 was a good protein source, especially when soybean flour was added.Item Biological evaluation of crude and degummed oil from Moringa oleifera seeds.(2011) Andrade, Graziela de Fátima; Melo, Tânia Márcia Sacramento; Guedes, Claudia Dumans; Novack, Kátia Monteiro; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioThe aim of this work was to evaluate the oil extracted from Moringa oleifera (fam. Moringaceae) seeds from the nutritional standpoint. Nutritional evaluation of crude or degummed moringa oil or soybean oil (as a control) involved the determination of the Food Efficiency (FE) in male Fisher rats and the fatty acid composition of the moringa oil. Hepatic and renal functions were assessed by measuring serum transaminases activity and urea and creatinine concentrations, respectively. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins and albumine were also measured. Results showed that FE was slightly increased by the crude moringa oil while no differences were found between the soybean and degummed moringa oil regarding this parameter. Renal or hepatic injures as well as major alterations in serum proteins were not induced by the tested oils. These results suggested that degummed M. oleifera oil possessed adequate biological quality as compared to the crude oil.Item Clastogenic effect of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum v. arachnoideum) diet in peripheral lymphocytes of human consumers : preliminary data.(2003) Recouso, R. C.; Stocco, Rita de Cássia; Freitas, Renata Nascimento de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Beçak, Willy; Lindsey, Charles JulianIngestion of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum v. arachnoideum) is associated with digestive tract cancer in different regions of Japan, Venezuela and Brazil. In view of reports that dietary bracken fern causes chromosomal instability in cattle, the clastogenic effect of bracken fern was investigated, in a preliminary study, in peripheral lymphocytes obtained from habitual consumers and a control group of non-consumers, which were carefully investigated about cancer history or family cancer history, negative in both cases, using protocols comparable to those previously described in studies in cattle raised on bracken pastures. Cytogenetic analysis showed significant increased levels of chromosomal abnormalities, such as chromatid breaks, in cultured peripheral lymphocytes of the consumer group. There was no correlation with subjects, gender, smoking habits or alcohol consumption, and the only correlation was with prolonged exposure to dietary bracken.Item Diet supplementation with beta-carotene improves the serum lipid profile in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet.(2013) Silva, Lorena Souza e; Miranda, Aline Mayrink de; Magalhães, Cíntia Lopes de Brito; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioThe present study investigated the underlying mechanism associated with the hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-carotene by examining its effects on the serum lipid profile, fecal cholesterol excretion, and gene expression of the major receptors, enzymes, and transporters involved in cholesterol metabolism. Female Fischer rats were divided into three groups and were fed either a control or a hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented or not supplemented with 0.2 % betacarotene. After 6 weeks of feeding, blood, livers, and feces were collected for analysis, and quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed. Dietary supplementation with 0.2 % betacarotene decreased serum total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, the atherogenic index, and hepatic total lipid and cholesterol contents. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the total lipid and cholesterol contents excreted in the feces. The qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that the hypercholesterolemic diet promoted a decrease in the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, and low-density lipoprotein receptor and an increase in the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and cholesterol-7ahydroxylase. The expression of these genes and gene expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G transporters 5and 8 were unaffected by beta-carotene supplementation. In conclusion, the decrease in serum cholesterol and the elevation of fecal cholesterol obtained following beta-carotene administration indicate that this substance may decrease cholesterol absorption in the intestine and increase cholesterol excretion into the feces without a direct effect on the expression of cholesterol metabolism genes.Item Dietary models for inducing hypercholesterolemia in rats.(2005) Matos, Sheyla Leite; Paula, Heberth de; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Oliveira, Eduardo Luiz de; Chianca Júnior, Deoclécio Alves; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioModelos animais têm sido usados para investigar a relação entre desordens no metabolismo do colesterol e a aterogênese. A estratégia utilizada a fim de induzir hipercolesterolemia (dietas com alto teor de gordura e com colesterol adicionado) leva à redução de sua ingestão pelos animais, o que induz desnutrição. O presente trabalho objetivou encontrar um modelo dietético capaz de promover a maior hipercolesterolemia, sem afetar o desenvolvimento dos animais. Sessenta ratas Fisher foram divididas em cinco grupos. O primeiro foi alimentado com uma dieta controle; os quatros restantes receberam dietas hipercolesterolêmicas, com colesterol e diferentes teores de óleo de soja, amido, caseína, micronutrientes e fibra e, conseqüentemente, diferentes valores calóricos. Após oito semanas os animais foram avaliados em relação ao crescimento, excreção fecal, peso e teor de gordura do fígado, colesterol e suas frações, parâmetros bioquímicos séricos e pressão sistólica. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a dieta contendo 25% de óleo de soja, 1% de colesterol, 13% de fibra e 4.538,4 Kcal/Kg, uma vez que promoveu aumento no LDL-colesterol, decréscimo no HDL-colesterol e afetou menos a função hepática dos animais.Item Effect of an aqueous extract of annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds on lipid profile and biochemical markers of renal and hepatic function in hipercholesterolemic rats.(2009) Paula, Heberth de; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Rossoni Júnior, Joamyr Victor; Haraguchi, Fabiano Kenji; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioAnnatto extract is a natural food color obtained from the outer coatings of the seeds of the Annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.). This is the first report in the literature that shows the relationship between the aqueous annatto extract and its influence on lipid profile in animals. Male Fisher rats were divided into three groups (n=12): C group, fed standard diet and water; H group, fed high-lipid diet and water and; HU group, with high-lipid diet and aqueous annatto extract for 60 days. The treatment with annatto extract in animals fed with the high-lipid diet lowered the LDL- and total cholesterol and raised the HDL-cholesterol, suggesting a hypocholesterolemic effect. Neither highfat diet nor aqueous annatto extract had any significant effect on serum levels of albumin or serum activities of transaminases which suggested that no liver injury was induced.Item Effect of aubergine (Solanum melongena) on serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides in rats.(1999) Silva, Marcelo Eustáquio; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; O’Leary, Maureen C.; Santos, Ronald S.The present work reports the effect of aubergine extract on serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides levels in adult rats. Fisher rats were divided into three groups: the first one received a normolipidic diet and water , serving as a control; the other two received a hypercholesterolaemic diet with 30% vegetable oil and 1% cholesterol, one of these being given water while the other was given an aubergine extract. After 28 days the animals were sacrificed and serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides levels were assessed. The obtained results indicated that under the experimental conditions employed, the aubergine extract increased serum and decreased hepatic cholesterol and had little or no effect on both serum and hepatic triglycerides.Item Effects of early protein calorie malnutrition and of nutritional recovery on biochemical parameters in female rats submitted to swimming training.(2009) Oliveira, Emerson Cruz de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioThe objective of the present work was to study nutritional and biochemical parameters of female rats submitted to protein calorie malnutrition after birth and subsequent nutritional recovery, associated or not with physical exercise (swimming 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week during 8 weeks). 32 female Fisher rats were used which were divided into four groups: Sedentary Control (SC), Trained Control TC), Sedentary Recovered (SR) and Trained Recovered (TR). Food ingestion, weight gain and serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin and glucose were studied. It was observed that training produced increased food ingestion but without significant weight gain. Biochemical evaluation showed that the animals did not present nutritional recovery in the studied period and that training did not interfere in this process. The interaction between nutritional status and training for both food ingestion and serum glucose concentration signals the necessity of studying the present using other indicators of carbohydrate metabolism, for instance a glucose tolerance curve, besides of course other exercise models and even more intense exercise or a higher work volume.Item Evaluation of biochemical parameters in female fisher rats subjected to swimming training in different volumes (30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes).(2010) Faria, Wanda Maria de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioItem High dietary salt decreases antioxidant defenses in the liver of fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats.(2013) Dornas, Waleska Claudia Amaral; Lima, Wanderson Geraldo de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Guerra, Joyce Ferreira da Costa; Souza, Melina Oliveira de; Silva, Maísa; Silva, Lorena Souza e; Diniz, Mirla Fiuza; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioIn this study we investigated the hypothesis that a high-salt diet to hyperinsulinemic rats might impair antioxidant defense owing to its involvement in the activation of sodium reabsorption to lead to higher oxidative stress. Rats were fed a standard (CON), a high-salt (HS), or a high-fructose (HF) diet for 10 weeks after which, 50% of the animals belonging to the HF group were switched to a regimen of high-fructose and high-salt diet (HFS) for 10 more weeks, while the other groups were fed with their respective diets. Animals were then euthanized and their blood and liver were examined. Fasting plasma glucose was found to be significantly higher (approximately 50%) in fructose-fed rats than in the control and HS rats, whereas fat liver also differed in these animals, producing steatosis. Feeding fructose-fed rats with the high-salt diet triggered hyperinsulinemia and lowered insulin sensitivity, which led to increased levels of serum sodium compared to the HS group. This resulted in membrane perturbation, which in the presence of steatosis potentially enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation, thereby decreasing the level of antioxidant defenses, as shown by GSH/GSSG ratio (HFS rats, 7.098±2.1 versus CON rats, 13.2±6.1) and superoxide dismutase (HFS rats, 2.1±0.05 versus CON rats, 2.3±0.1%), and catalase (HFS rats, 526.6±88.6 versus CON rats, 745.8±228.7 U/mg ptn) activities. Our results indicate that consumption of a salt-rich diet by insulin-resistant rats may lead to regulation of sodium reabsorption, worsening hepatic lipid peroxidation associated with impaired antioxidant defenses.Item Hypolipidemic effect of the edible mushroom Agaricus blazei in rats subjected to a hypercholesterolemic diet.(2014) Miranda, Aline Mayrink de; Ribeiro, Gustavo Meirelles; Cunha, Aureliano Claret da; Silva, Lorena Souza e; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioThe effects of Agaricus blazei intake on the lipid profile of animals fed a hypercholesterolemic diet were evaluated. Thirty-two female Fisher rats were divided into four groups and given the standard AIN- 93 M diet (C), this diet+1 % A. blazei (CAb), a hypercholesterolemic diet with 25 % soybean oil and 1%cholesterol (H) or this diet+1%A. blazei (HAb) for 6 weeks. Food intake, weight gain, liver and serum lipid profiles, activity of aminotransferases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], and creatinine and urea levels as well as abdominal fat weight were measured. Histological analysis of kidney and liver tissue was also performed. The HAb group had a higher food intake, but a lower weight gain as compared to group H. This resulted in a significant decrease in abdominal fat weight, to values close to those of groups C and CAb. Supplementing the hypercholesterolemic diet with A. blazei promoted a significant reduction in total and non-HDL cholesterol, as well as in the atherogenic index, as compared to group H, and this effect was more pronounced in the serum. There was no hepatotoxic effect caused by the supplementation of the diets with the mushroom. We conclude that in our experimental model and in the concentration used, A. blazei was effective in improving the lipid profile of the animals.Item Hypolipidemic effect of the edible mushroom Agaricus blazei in rats subjected to a hypercholesterolemic diet.(2014) Miranda, Aline Mayrink de; Ribeiro, Gustavo Meirelles; Cunha, Aureliano Claret da; Silva, Lorena Souza e; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioThe effects of Agaricus blazei intake on the lipid profile of animals fed a hypercholesterolemic diet were evaluated. Thirty-two female Fisher rats were divided into four groups and given the standard AIN- 93 M diet (C), this diet+1 % A. blazei (CAb), a hypercholesterolemic diet with 25 % soybean oil and 1%cholesterol (H) or this diet+1%A. blazei (HAb) for 6 weeks. Food intake, weight gain, liver and serum lipid profiles, activity of aminotransferases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], and creatinine and urea levels as well as abdominal fat weight were measured. Histological analysis of kidney and liver tissue was also performed. The HAb group had a higher food intake, but a lower weight gain as compared to group H. This resulted in a significant decrease in abdominal fat weight, to values close to those of groups C and CAb. Supplementing the hypercholesterolemic diet with A. blazei promoted a significant reduction in total and non-HDL cholesterol, as well as in the atherogenic index, as compared to group H, and this effect was more pronounced in the serum. There was no hepatotoxic effect caused by the supplementation of the diets with the mushroom. We conclude that in our experimental model and in the concentration used, A. blazei was effective in improving the lipid profile of the animals.Item Influência das proteínas do soro sobre enzimas hepáticas, perfil lipídico e formação óssea de ratos hipercolesterolêmicos.(2009) Haraguchi, Fabiano Kenji; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Paula, Heberth de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioObjetivo Avaliar o efeito do consumo das proteínas do soro do leite sobre parâmetros do metabolismo lipídico, hepático e renal, a formação óssea e as defesas antioxidantes de ratos submetidos à dieta hipercolesterolemiante. Métodos Trinta e dois ratos Fisher adultos foram divididos em 4 grupos, recebendo as seguintes dietas: grupo C, dieta padrão; grupo H, dieta hipercolesterolemiante; grupo PS, dieta padrão e proteínas do soro; grupo PSH dieta hipercolesterolemiante e proteínas do soro. A ingestão alimentar e o ganho de peso foram monitorados semanalmente. Após 8 semanas, o sangue dos animais foi coletado para dosagem bioquímica e os animais foram eutanasiados. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos, análise de variância e o teste de Tukey. Resultados As proteínas do soro não reduziram o colesterol plasmático de forma significante, e promoveram um aumento na concentração plasmática de triacilgliceróis nos animais hipercolesterolêmicos. No entanto, reduziram a atividade da aspartato aminotransferase e da fosfatase alcalina, assim como a concentração plasmática de creatinina. Não se observou nenhum efeito sobre as defesas antioxidantes avaliadas. As dietas contendo as proteínas do soro geraram ossos mais pesados, com maior diâmetro e comprimento que as dietas contendo caseína. Conclusão As proteínas do soro não apresentaram um efeito hipocolesterolemiante significante em ratos. No entanto, impediram de forma significante a ocorrência de alterações nos parâmetros indicadores das funções hepáticas e renais provocadas pela dieta hipercolesterolemiante. Os dados sugerem também que as proteínas do soro afetam positivamente a formação óssea, quando comparados com as dietas contendo caseína como fonte protéica.Item Iron toxicity mediated by oxidative stress enhances tissue damage in an animal model of diabetes.(2014) Sampaio, Ana Flávia Santos; Silva, Maísa; Dornas, Waleska Claudia Amaral; Costa, Daniela Caldeira; Silva, Marcelo Eustáquio; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Lima, Wanderson Geraldo de; Pedrosa, Maria LúciaAlthough iron is a first-line pro-oxidant that modulates clinical manifestations of various systemic diseases, including diabetes, the individual tissue damage generated by active oxidant insults has not been demonstrated in current animal models of diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress is involved in the severity of the tissues injury when iron supplementation is administered in a model of type 1 diabetes. Streptozotocin (Stz)-induced diabetic and non-diabetic Fischer ratsweremaintainedwith orwithout a treatment consisting of iron dextran ip at 0.1 mL day-1 doses administered for 4 days at intervals of 5 days. After 3 weeks, an extensive increase (p\0.001) in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophils of the diabetic animals on iron overload was observed. Histological analysis revealed that this treatment also resulted in higher (p\0.05) tissue iron deposits, a higher (p\0.001) number of inflammatory cells in the pancreas, and apparent cardiac fibrosis, as shown by an increase (p\0.05) in type III collagen levels, which result in dysfunctional myocardial. Carbonyl proteinmodification, amarker of oxidative stress, was consistently higher (p\0.01) in the tissues of the iron-treated rats with diabetes. Moreover, a significant positive correlationwas found betweenROS production andironpancreas stores (r = 0.42, p\0.04), iron heart stores (r = 0.54, p\0.04), and change of the carbonyl protein content in pancreas (r = 0.49, p\0.009), and heart (r = 0.48, p\0.02). A negative correlation was still found between ROS production and total glutathione content in pancreas (r = -0.50, p\0.03) and heart (r = -0.45, p\0.04). In conclusion, our results suggest that amplified toxicity in pancreatic and cardiac tissues in rats with diabetes on iron overload might be attributed to increased oxidative stress.Item Lipid profile of malnourished and nutritionally recovered trained and sedentary rats.(2007) Oliveira, Emerson Cruz de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioThe goal of this work was to verify whether malnutrition causes modifications in lipid profile and if nutritional recovery associated or not with exercise (swimming, 30 minutes/day, five days/week during 8 weeks) can interfere in this process. Fifty two Fisher female rats were divided into six groups: Control sedentary (CS), control trained (CT), recovered sedentary (RS), malnourished sedentary (MS) and malnourished trained (MT). It was observed that recovered animals had higher weight gain and food efficiency. There was interaction between exercise and nutritional status for liver weight, with values of group MT being higher than those of MS. Total cholesterol and fractions concentrations were higher in the malnourished animals. Our data show that training reduced cholesterol level only in the animals that received the normoproteic diet, even if they were formerly submitted to malnutrition.Item Maillard reaction during the processing of "Doce de Leite".(1994) Pavlovic, Suzana; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Glória, Maria Beatriz Abreu‘Doce de leite’, a dairy product widely consumed in Brazil as a dessert or cake filling, is obtained from the heat treatment of milk and sucrose. On heating, the Maillard reaction occurs with the formation of desirable browncoloured products with a characteristic and pleasant flavour. However, the reaction can also lead to changes in nutritive value. In order to follow chemically the extension of the Maillard reaction and its effect on the nutritive value of ‘doce de leite’ its commercial processing was followed. Increases in the level of free 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and in absorption at 420 nm by pigments attached to the protein were observed. The amino acid analysis showed a significant decrease in lysine levels (33%) as well as in arginine (11%) and histidine (10%). There was also a reduction in available lysine levels, as measured by the fluorodinitrobenzene (50.6%) and by the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (23.5%) methods. These results suggest a deleterious effect of the processing of ‘doce de leite’ on the nutritive value of the milk.Item Oxidative stress and lipid profile in malnourished and exercised animals.(2008) Oliveira, Emerson Cruz de; Santos, Rinaldo Cardoso dos; Pedrosa, Maria Lúcia; Silva, Rodrigo César Pedrosa; Silva, Marcelo EustáquioThe goal of the present work was to study the oxidative stress and lipid profile in malnourished animals submitted to physical exercise (swimming 30 minutes/day, 5 days/week during 8 weeks). Twenty eight female Fisher rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary Control (SC), Trained Control (TC), Sedentary Malnourished (SM) and Trained Malnourished (TM). We have concluded that: a) the applied swimming physical training did not cause muscle damage detectable by the biochemical marker creatine kinase, although it caused positive modifications in the body weight of the TM animals; b) malnutrition promoted a significant increase in the concentrations of total and HDL cholesterol but physical exercise was not capable of reverting this situation; c) The rise of HDL concentration in malnourished animals were not followed by increase in the paraoxonase activity and this allows us to formulate the hypothesis that HDL of these animals might not act as antioxidants as expected for these molecules; d) the increase in total, free and bound sulphydrils in malnourished animals needs to be studied together with other markers of oxidative stress.