Cyclic sediment deposition by orbital forcing in the Miocene wetland of western Amazonia? : new insights from a multidisciplinary approach.
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2022
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
In the Miocene, a large wetland system extended from the Andean foothills into western Amazonia. This system has no
modern analogue and the driving mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Dynamic topography and Andean uplift
are thought to have controlled deposition, with allocyclic base level changes driven by eustasy and orbital forcing also
playing a role. In this study we investigate the presumed orbital cyclicity that controlled sediment deposition, while
also assessing sediment source and biomes in the Miocene wetland. We do this by integrating lithological, palyno-
logical, malacological and geochemical data from the Los Chorros site (Amazon River, Colombia), and by placing our
data in a sequence stratigraphic framework. In this sequence biostratigraphic evaluation, the Los Chorros succession is
visualized to be composed of a series of flood-fill packages, with a rapid initial flood, marine-influenced conditions at
the time of maximum flood, followed by a longer regressive infill phase. Based on the palynology we could differ-
entiate local vegetation, such as palm swamps, from regional origin such as terra firme vegetation (non-flooded
Amazonian forest) and Andean montane forest, while from sediment geochemistry we could separate local and
regional sediment sources. At the times of flooding, oligotrophic and eutrophic aquatic conditions alternatively
characterized the wetland, as is shown by the presence of algae, floating ferns, and mollusc assemblages, while
intervening subaquatic debris points to proximal submerged lowlands. In the lower 20 m of the section, marine in-
fluences are intermittently evident and shown by short-lived maxima of mangrove pollen, foraminiferal test linings,
dinoflagellate cysts, coastal mollusc species, and an episodic decline in terrestrial biomarkers. The upper 5 m of the
section is characterized by floodplain forest taxa with a diversity in tropical rain forest taxa and relatively few
lacustrine indicators. These marine, mangrove, and lacustrine indicators suggest that the outcrops at Los Chorros
represent predominant marine-influenced lacustrine conditions during periods of sea level highstand. The sequence
biostratigraphic evaluation further points to eight 41 kyr obliquity-driven depositional cycles, with rapid phases of
transgression. Mangrove elements would have colonised within the timeframe of each sea level rise. Based on this
relative age constraint and comparison to regional records, deposition likely took place prior to the 13.8 Myr global sea level fall, and most likely during the period just after 14.5 Ma, between Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum
(MMCO; 17–14 Ma) and Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT; 14.7–13.8 Ma). Palynological evidence further
suggests that to the west, surface elevation ranged from ~1000 up to ~3500 m and hosted protoparamo vegetation,
the oldest yet reported and in agreement with predictions from molecular studies. In contrast, contemporaneous sites
to the northeast of the wetland consisted of fluvial and cratonic formations, as shown by their Nd and Sr isotopic
sediment signature. In summary, our data lead to an improved understanding of how geological and astronomical
mechanisms controlled the floral and faunal distribution and controlled sediment deposition in western Amazonia
during the middle Miocene. As Miocene conditions strongly contrast with modern western Amazonia, our data
provide an important context for the deep time history and evolution of the modern western Amazon rainforest.
Description
Keywords
Amazon - palynology, Sequence stratigraphy - geochemistry, Biomarkers, Estuarine, Marine incursions
Citation
HOORN, C. et al. Cyclic sediment deposition by orbital forcing in the Miocene wetland of western Amazonia?: new insights from a multidisciplinary approach. Global and Planetary Change, v. 210, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818121003027>. Acesso em: 29 abr. 2022.