Comparing cars with apples? : identifying the appropriate benchmark countries for relative ecological pollution rankings and international learning.
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Date
2021
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Abstract
One of the most difficult tasks that economies face is how to generate economic growth
without causing environmental damage. Research in economic complexity has provided
new methods to reveal structural constraints and opportunities for green economic
diversification and sophistication, as well as the effects of economic complexity on
environmental pollution indicators. However, no research so far has compared the
ecological efficiency of countries with similar productive structures and levels of
economic complexity, and used this information to identify the best learning partners.
This matters, because there are substantial differences in the environmental damage
caused by the same product in different countries, and green diversification needs to be
complemented by substantial efficiency improvements of existing products. In this article,
we use data on 774 different types of exports, CO2 emissions, and the ecological footprint
of 99 countries to create first a relative ecological pollution ranking (REPR). Then, we use
methods from network science to reveal a benchmark network of the best learning
partners based on country pairs with a large extent of export similarity, yet significant
differences in pollution values. This is important because it helps to reveal adequate
benchmark countries for efficiency improvements and sustainable production, considering
that countries may specialize in substantially different types of economic activities. Finally,
the article i) illustrates large efficiency improvements within current global output levels, ii)
helps to identify countries that can best learn from each other, and iii) improves the
information base in international negotiations for the sake of a cleaner global production
system.
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Keywords
Economic complexity, Cleaner production, Eco-efficiency, Country benchmark network
Citation
HARTMANN, D. et al. Comparing cars with apples?: identifying the appropriate benchmark countries for relative ecological pollution rankings and international learning. Frontiers in Environmental Science, v. 9, nov. 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.779378/full>. Acesso em: 24 maio 2022.